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Colloquium — Canada in a Shifting International Order: Debating our National Interests

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This event was hosted as part of IPD’s project, Canada’s Interests in a Shifting Order.

The Institute for Peace & Diplomacy was delighted to host a virtual colloquium via Zoom titled “Canada in a Shifting International Order: Debating our National Interests.”

Today’s international order is marked by a shifting balance of power and deepening great power competition, all while the looming challenge of climate change continues. Canada’s diminishing special relationship with the United States and a rules-based international order in crisis together suggest that Ottawa may no longer be able to rely on the traditional pillars of its postwar foreign policy. And while Canada’s geographic isolation has traditionally buttressed its national security, this may no longer be the case in a multipolar and integrated world.

By convening a diverse and esteemed panel of experts, this colloquium explored the potential impact of an increasingly “post-liberal” international order on Canada’s national interests. The event discussed a spectrum of issues, from great power relations and multilateralism to human rights promotion.

Conference Program

Session 1

Words of Welcome

9:15 – 9:30

Bijan Ahmadi

Executive Director, Institute for Peace & Diplomacy
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Keynote 1 — Great Power Competition and the Weakening of International Institutions: What Consequences for Canada?

9:30 – 10:00

Janice Stein

Belzberg Professor of Conflict Management & Founding Director, Munk School of Global Affairs & Public Policy, University of Toronto

Zachary Paikin (Moderator)

Non-Resident Research Fellow, Institute for Peace & Diplomacy; Senior Researcher, Geneva Centre for Security Policy; Project Director, Canada's Interests in a Shifting Order
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Keynote 2 — A Conversation With Parliamentary Secretary Rob Oliphant

10:00 – 10:30

Hon. Rob Oliphant

Member of Parliament (Don Valley West); Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Foreign Affairs

Ann Fitz-Gerald (Moderator)

Senior Fellow, Institute for Peace & Diplomacy; Director, Balsillie School of International Affairs; Project Co-Chair, Canada's Interests in a Shifting Order
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Panel 1 — The New Great Power Competition: What Are Canada's Interests?

10:30 – 12:00

Hon. Jean Charest

Former Premier of Quebec & Deputy Prime Minister of Canada

Vina Nadjibulla

Adjunct Professor, School of Public Policy & Global Affairs, University of British Columbia; Fellow, Canadian Global Affairs Institute

Andrew Latham

Senior Fellow, Institute for Peace & Diplomacy; Professor, Macalester College

Heather Exner-Pirot

Senior Fellow & Director, Natural Resources, Energy & Environment, Macdonald Laurier Institute

Adam Chapnick

Professor of Defence Studies, Royal Military College of Canada

Walter Kemp (Moderator)

Director for Global Strategy, Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime; Project Co-Chair, Canada's Interests in a Shifting Order

Session 2

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Panel 2 — Multipolarité et multilatéralisme : Le Canada peut-il construire un ordre plus égalitaire dans un monde désordonné ?

1:00 – 2:15

Louise Blais

Ancienne ambassadrice et représentante permanente adjointe du Canada auprès des Nations Unies à New York

Guillermo Rishchynski

Ancien ambassadeur et Représentant permanent du Canada auprès des Nations Unies à New York

Jocelyn Coulon

Membre du conseil consultatif, l'Institut pour la paix et la diplomatie ; Ancien conseiller politique principal du ministre des Affaires étrangères

Caroline Brouillette

Directrice générale, Réseau action climat Canada

Zachary Paikin (Modérateur)

Chercheur non-résident, l'Institut pour la paix et la diplomatie

Session 3

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Keynote 3 — A Conservative Conception of Canada’s National Interests

2:30 – 3:00

MP Garnett Genuis

Member of Parliament (Sherwood Park—Fort Saskatchewan); Vice Chair, Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs & International Development

Bijan Ahmadi (Moderator)

Executive Director, Institute for Peace & Diplomacy
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Panel 3 — What Role for Values Promotion in a Post-Liberal World?

3:00 – 4:15

Jeremy Kinsman

Former Canadian Ambassador to Russia; Distinguished Fellow, Canadian International Council

Pitman Potter

Professor Emeritus, Peter A. Allard School of Law, University of British Columbia; Fellow, Royal Society of Canada

John Packer

Neuberger-Jesin Professor of International Conflict Resolution & Director, Human Rights Research and Education Centre, University of Ottawa

Eunice Oladejo (Moderator)

Young Fellow, Institute for Peace & Diplomacy

Speakers

Rob Oliphant
Hon. Rob Oliphant
Member of Parliament (Don Valley West); Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Foreign Affairs
Genuis
Garnett Genuis
Member of Parliament (Sherwood Park—Fort Saskatchewan); Vice Chair, Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs & International Development
Louise Blais
Louise Blais
Ancienne ambassadrice et représentante permanente adjointe du Canada auprès des Nations Unies à New York
Caroline-Brouillette-photo-1
Caroline Brouillette
Directrice générale, Réseau action climat Canada
M
Jean Charest
Former Premier of Quebec & Deputy Prime Minister of Canada
Adam Chapnick
Adam Chapnick
Professor of Defence Studies, Royal Military College of Canada
Jocelyn Coulon
Jocelyn Coulon
Membre du conseil consultatif, l'Institut pour la paix et la diplomatie ; Chercheur, Centre d'études et de recherches internationales de l'Université de Montréal
HEP
Heather Exner-Pirot
Senior Fellow & Director, Natural Resources, Energy & Environment, Macdonald Laurier Institute
Ann Fitz-Gerald
Ann Fitz-Gerald
Senior Fellow, Institute for Peace & Diplomacy; Director, Balsillie School of International Affairs; Project Co-Chair, Canada's Interests in a Shifting Order
Walter Kemp
Walter Kemp
Director for Global Strategy, Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime; Project Co-Chair, Canada's Interests in a Shifting Order
Jeremy Kinsman
Jeremy Kinsman
Former Canadian Ambassador to Russia; Distinguished Fellow, Canadian International Council
Andrew Latham
Andrew Latham
Senior Fellow, Institute for Peace & Diplomacy; Professor, Macalester College
Vina Nadjibulla
Vina Nadjibulla
Adjunct Professor, School of Public Policy & Global Affairs, University of British Columbia; Fellow, Canadian Global Affairs Institute
Eunice Oladejo
Eunice Oladejo
Young Fellow, Institute for Peace & Diplomacy
packer-john
John Packer
Neuberger-Jesin Professor of International Conflict Resolution & Director, Human Rights Research and Education Centre, University of Ottawa
Zachary Paikin
Zachary Paikin
Non-Resident Research Fellow, Institute for Peace & Diplomacy; Senior Visiting Fellow, Global Policy Institute; Project Director, Canada's Interests in a Shifting Order
potter_pitman
Pitman Potter
Professor Emeritus, Peter A. Allard School of Law, University of British Columbia; Fellow, Royal Society of Canada
Portrait of new PR of Canada,
Guillermo Rishchynski
Ancien ambassadeur et Représentant permanent du Canada auprès des Nations Unies à New York
Janice Stein
Janice Stein
Belzberg Professor of Conflict Management & Founding Director, Munk School of Global Affairs & Public Policy, University of Toronto
bijan
Bijan Ahmadi
Executive Director, Institute for Peace & Diplomacy
Panel 4: Pathways to Manage Non-Proliferation in the Middle East (4:30 PM - 5:45 PM ET)

The Western powers have failed to effectively manage the increasing threat of proliferation in the Middle East. While the international community is concerned with Iran’s nuclear program, Saudi Arabia has moved forward with developing its own nuclear program, and independent studies show that Israel has longed possessed dozens of nuclear warheads. The former is a member of the treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), while the latter has refused to sign the international agreement. 

On Middle East policy, the Biden campaign had staunchly criticized the Trump administration’s unilateral withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), more commonly known as the Iran Nuclear Deal and it has begun re-engaging Iran on the nuclear dossier since assuming office in January 2021. However, serious obstacles remain for responsible actors in expanding non-proliferation efforts toward a nuclear-free zone in the Middle East. 

This panel will discuss how Western powers and multilateral institutions, such as the IAEA, can play a more effective role in managing non-proliferation efforts in the Middle East.  

Panelists:

Peggy Mason: Canada’s former Ambassador to the UN for Disarmament

Mark Fitzpatrick: Associate Fellow & Former Executive Director, International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)

Ali Vaez: Iran Project Director, International Crisis Group

Negar Mortazavi: Journalist and Political Analyst, Host of Iran Podcast

David Albright: Founder and President of the Institute for Science and International Security

 

Closing (5:45 PM – 6:00 PM ET)

Panel 3: Trade and Business Diplomacy in the Middle East (3:00 PM - 4:15 PM ET)

What is the current economic landscape in the Middle East? While global foreign direct investment is expected to fall drastically in the post-COVID era, the World Bank reported a 5% contraction in the economic output of the Middle East and North African (MENA) countries in 2020 due to the pandemic. While oil prices are expected to rebound with normalization in demand, political instability, regional and geopolitical tensions, domestic corruption, and a volatile regulatory and legal environment all threaten economic recovery in the Middle East. What is the prospect for economic growth and development in the region post-pandemic, and how could MENA nations promote sustainable growth and regional trade moving forward?

At the same time, Middle Eastern diaspora communities have become financially successful and can help promote trade between North America and the region. In this respect, the diaspora can become vital intermediaries for advancing U.S. and Canada’s business interests abroad. Promoting business diplomacy can both benefit the MENA region and be an effective and positive way to advance engagement and achieve foreign policy goals of the North Atlantic.

This panel will investigate the trade and investment opportunities in the Middle East, discuss how facilitating economic engagement with the region can benefit Canadian and American national interests, and explore relevant policy prescriptions.

Panelists:

Hon. Sergio Marchi: Canada’s Former Minister of International Trade

Scott Jolliffe: Chairperson, Canada Arab Business Council

Esfandyar Batmanghelidj: Founder and Publisher of Bourse & Bazaar

Nizar Ghanem: Director of Research and Co-founder at Triangle

Nicki Siamaki: Researcher at Control Risks

Panel 2: Arms Race and Terrorism in the Middle East (12:00 PM - 1:15 PM ET)

The Middle East continues to grapple with violence and instability, particularly in Yemen, Syria and Iraq. Fueled by government incompetence and foreign interventions, terrorist insurgencies have imposed severe humanitarian and economic costs on the region. Meanwhile, regional actors have engaged in an unprecedented pursuit of arms accumulation. Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates have imported billions of both Western and Russian-made weapons and funded militant groups across the region, intending to contain their regional adversaries, particularly Iran. Tehran has also provided sophisticated weaponry to various militia groups across the region to strengthen its geopolitical position against Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Israel. 

On the other hand, with international terrorist networks and intense regional rivalry in the Middle East, it is impractical to discuss peace and security without addressing terrorism and the arms race in the region. This panel will primarily discuss the implications of the ongoing arms race in the region and the role of Western powers and multilateral organizations in facilitating trust-building security arrangements among regional stakeholders to limit the proliferation of arms across the Middle East.

 

Panelists:

Luciano Zaccara: Assistant Professor, Qatar University

Dania Thafer: Executive Director, Gulf International Forum

Kayhan Barzegar: Professor and Chair of the Department of Political Science and International Relations at the Science and Research Branch of Azad University

Barbara Slavin: Director of Iran Initiative, Atlantic Council

Sanam Shantyaei: Senior Journalist at France24 & host of Middle East Matters

Panel 1: Future of Diplomacy and Engagement in the Middle East (10:30 AM-11:45 AM ET)

The emerging regional order in West Asia will have wide-ranging implications for global security. The Biden administration has begun re-engaging Iran on the nuclear dossier, an initiative staunchly opposed by Israel, while also taking a harder line on Saudi Arabia’s intervention in Yemen. Meanwhile, key regional actors, including Qatar, Iraq, and Oman, have engaged in backchannel efforts to bring Iran and Saudi Arabia to the negotiating table. From a broader geopolitical perspective, with the need to secure its energy imports, China is also expected to increase its footprint in the region and influence the mentioned challenges. 

In this evolving landscape, Western powers will be compelled to redefine their strategic priorities and adjust their policies with the new realities in the region. In this panel, we will discuss how the West, including the United States and its allies, can utilize multilateral diplomacy with its adversaries to prevent military escalation in the region. Most importantly, the panel will discuss if a multilateral security dialogue in the Persian Gulf region, proposed by some regional actors, can help reduce tensions among regional foes and produce sustainable peace and development for the region. 

Panelists:

Abdullah Baabood: Academic Researcher and Former Director of the Centre for Gulf Studies, Qatar University

Trita Parsi: Executive Vice-President, Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft

Ebtesam Al-Ketbi: President, Emirates Policy Centre​

Jon Allen: Canada’s Former Ambassador to Israel

Elizabeth Hagedorn: Washington correspondent for Al-Monitor

Panel 4: Humanitarian Diplomacy: An Underused Foreign Policy Tool in the Middle East (4:30 PM - 5:30 PM ET)

Military interventions, political and economic instabilities, and civil unrest in the Middle East have led to a global refugee crisis with an increasing wave of refugees and asylum seekers to Europe and Canada. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has, in myriad ways, exacerbated and contributed to the ongoing security threats and destabilization of the region.

While these challenges pose serious risks to Canadian security, Ottawa will also have the opportunity to limit such risks and prevent a spillover effect vis-à-vis effective humanitarian initiatives in the region. In this panel, we will primarily investigate Canada’s Middle East Strategy’s degree of success in providing humanitarian aid to the region. Secondly, the panel will discuss what programs and initiatives Canada can introduce to further build on the renewed strategy. and more specifically, how Canada can utilize its policy instruments to more effectively deal with the increasing influx of refugees from the Middle East. 

 

Panelists:

Erica Di Ruggiero: Director of Centre for Global Health, University of Toronto

Reyhana Patel: Head of Communications & Government Relations, Islamic Relief Canada

Amir Barmaki: Former Head of UN OCHA in Iran

Catherine Gribbin: Senior Legal Advisor for International and Humanitarian Law, Canadian Red Cross

Panel 3: A Review of Canada’s Middle East Engagement and Defense Strategy (3:00 PM - 4:15 PM ET)

In 2016, Canada launched an ambitious five-year “Middle East Engagement Strategy” (2016-2021), committing to investing CA$3.5 billion over five years to help establish the necessary conditions for security and stability, alleviate human suffering and enable stabilization programs in the region. In the latest development, during the meeting of the Global Coalition against ISIS, Minister of Foreign Affairs Marc Garneau announced more than $43.6 million in Peace and Stabilization Operations Program funding for 11 projects in Syria and Iraq.

With Canada’s Middle East Engagement Strategy expiring this year, it is time to examine and evaluate this massive investment in the Middle East region in the past five years. More importantly, the panel will discuss a principled and strategic roadmap for the future of Canada’s short-term and long-term engagement in the Middle East.

Panelists:

Ferry de Kerckhove: Canada’s Former Ambassador to Egypt

Dennis Horak: Canada’s Former Ambassador to Saudi Arabia

Chris Kilford: Former Canadian Defence Attaché in Turkey, member of the national board of the Canadian International Council (CIC)

David Dewitt: University Professor Emeritus, York University

Panel 2: The Great Power Competition in the Middle East (12:00 PM - 1:15 PM ET)

While the United States continues to pull back from certain regional conflicts, reflected by the Biden administration’s decision to halt American backing for Saudi Arabia’s intervention in Yemen and the expected withdrawal from Afghanistan, US troops continue to be stationed across the region. Meanwhile, Russia and China have significantly maintained and even expanded their regional activities. On one hand, the Kremlin has maintained its military presence in Syria, and on the other hand, China has signed an unprecedented 25-year strategic agreement with Iran.

As the global power structure continues to shift, it is essential to analyze the future of the US regional presence under the Biden administration, explore the emerging global rivalry with Russia and China, and at last, investigate the implications of such competition for peace and security in the Middle East.

Panelists:

Dmitri Trenin: Director of Carnegie Moscow Center

Joost R. Hiltermann: Director of MENA Programme, International Crisis Group

Roxane Farmanfarmaian: Affiliated Lecturer in International Relations of the Middle East and North Africa, University of Cambridge

Andrew A. Michta: Dean of the College of International and Security Studies at Marshall Center

Kelley Vlahos: Senior Advisor, Quincy Institute

Panel 1: A New Middle East Security Architecture in the Making (10:30 AM -11:45 AM ET)

The security architecture of the Middle East has undergone rapid transformations in an exceptionally short period. Notable developments include the United States gradual withdrawal from the region, rapprochement between Israel and some GCC states through the Abraham Accords and the rise of Chinese and Russian regional engagement.

With these new trends in the Middle East, it is timely to investigate the security implications of the Biden administration’s Middle East policy. In this respect, we will discuss the Biden team’s new approach vis-à-vis Iran, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Israel. The panel will also discuss the role of other major powers, including China and Russia in shaping this new security environment in the region, and how the Biden administration will respond to these powers’ increasing regional presence.

 

Panelists:

Sanam Vakil: Deputy Director of MENA Programme at Chatham House

Denise Natali: Acting Director, Institute for National Strategic Studies & Director of the Center for Strategic Research, National Defense University

Hassan Ahmadian: Professor of the Middle East and North Africa Studies, University of Tehran

Abdulaziz Sagar: Chairman, Gulf Research Center

Andrew Parasiliti: President, Al-Monitor